Diabetes mellitus: a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a joint editorial statement by the American Diabetes Association; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International; the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999;100:1132–1133.
Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al.; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee . Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics--2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2013;127:143–152.
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas.6th ED Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2013.
Logue J, Walker JJ, Colhoun HM, et al. Do men develop type 2 diabetes at lower body mass indices than women? Diabetologia 2011;54:3003–3006.
Cowie CC, Rust KF, Byrd-Holt DD, Gregg EW, Ford ES, Geiss LS, Bainbridge KE, Fradkin JE. Prevalence of diabetes and high risk for diabetes using A1C criteria in the U.S. population in 1988–2006. Diabetes Care 2010;33: 562–568.
Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, Pearson J, Blackman MR. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:724–731.
10 Meigs JB, Shrader P, Sullivan LM, McAteer JB, Fox CS, et al. Genotype score in addition to common risk factors for prediction of type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;359: 2208–2219.
Mozaffarian D, Kamineni A, Carnethon M, Djousse ́ L, Mukamal K, et al. Lifestyle risk factors and new-onset diabetes mellitus in older adults: The cardiovascular health study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169: 798–807.
Stryer, Lubert (1995). Biochemistry (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. 1995;773–774.
Sonksen P, Sonksen J. Insulin: Understanding its action in health and disease. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000 July;85(1):69–79.
Koeslag JH, Saunders PT, Terblanche E. A reappraisal of the blood glucose homeostat which comprehensively explains the type 2 diabetes mellitus-syndrome X complex . The Journal of Physiology 2003;549(Pt 2):333–46.
UK Prospective Diabetes Mellitus Study (UKPDS) Group: Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group.Lancet 1998; 352(9131): 854–65.
Miyazaki Y, Mahankali A, Matsuda M, et al. Effect of pioglitazone on abdominal fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(6):2784–91.
Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007;356(24):2457–71.
Bonnet F, Scheen A. Understanding and overcoming metformin gastrointestinal intolerance. Diabetes Obes Metab2017 Apr;19(4):473-481.
Federici M, Hribal M, Perego L et al. High glucose causes apoptosis in cultured human pancreatic islets of lagerhans: a potential role for regulation of specific Bcl family genes towards an apoptotic cell death program Diabetes 2001;50 :1290-1301
Kassi E, Papavassiliou AG. Could glucose be a proaging factor? Journal of Cellular and Molecular medicine2008;12(4):1194-8.
Ling PR, Smith RJ, Bistrian BR. Acute effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on hepatic oxidative stress and the systemic inflammatory response in rats. Critical Care Medicine 2007;35:555-560.
Matsushita K, Blecker S, Pazin-Filho A, Bertoni A, Chang PP, Coresh J, Selvin E The association of hemoglobin a1c with incident heart failure among people without diabetes: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes 2010 Aug;59(8):2020-6.
Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, Coresh J, Brancati FL. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med 2010 Mar 4;362(9):800-11.
Lean, MJ et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): An open-label, cluster- randomised trial. The Lancet 2017;391:541-551.
Fox CS, Golden SH, Anderson C, et al. Update on prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in light of recent evidence: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2015;38(9):1777-1803. doi:10.2337/dci15-0012.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013. Diabetes Care 2013Jan;36(Suppl1):S11–S66.
Björntorp P. The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans. Int J Obes 1996;20:291–302.
Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, Singh AB, Bhasin D, Berman N, et al. Testosterone dose response relationships in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001;281:E1172–81.
Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Callegari C, Clevenger B, Phillips J, et al. The effects of supraphysiological doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1–7.
Wang C, Swerdloff RS, Iranmanesh A, Dobs A, Snyder PJ, Cunningham G, et al. Transdermal testosterone gel improves sexual function, mood, muscle strength, and body composition parameters in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2839–53.
Travison, TG, Araujo AB, O’Donnel AB, Kupelian V, McKinlay JB. A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007;92:196–202.
Lunenfeld B, Nieschlag E. Testosterone therapy in the aging male. Aging Male 2007 Sep;10(3):139-53.
Soederberg S. A strong association between biologically active testosterone and leptin in non-obese men and women is lost with increasing (central) adiposity. International Journal of Obesity 2001;25:98-105.
Ding EL, Song Y, Malik VS, Liu S. Sex differences of endogenous sex hormones and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2006;295:1288–1299.
Svartberg J. Epidemiology: Testosterone and the metabolic syndrome. Int J Impot Res 2007;19:124–128.
Kalyani RR, Dobs AS. Androgen deficiency, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome in men. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 2007;14:226–234.
Corona G, Monami M, Rastrelli G, Aversa A, Sforza A, Lenzi A , Forti G, Mannucci E, Maggi M. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and testosterone: A meta-analysis study. Int J Androl Epub 2010 Oct 24.
Owiredu WK, Amidu N, Alidu H, Sarpong C, Gyasi-Sarpong CK. Determinants of sexual dysfunction among clinically diagnosed diabetic patients. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2011 May 25;9:70.
Stanworth RD, Jones TH. Testosterone in obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Front Horm Res 2009;37:74–90.
Pitteloud N, Mootha VK, Dwyer AA, Hardin M, Lee H, Eriksson KF, Tripathy D, Yialamas M, Groop L, Elahi D, Hayes FJ. Relationship between testosterone levels, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondrial function in men. Diabetes Care2005;28:1636–42.
Selvin E, Feinleib M, Zhang L, Rohrmann S, Rifai N, Nelson WG, Dobs A, Basaria S, Golden SH, Platz EA . Androgens and diabetes in men: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Diabetes Care2007;30:234–238.
Cheng J, Han B, Li Q, Xia F, Zhai H, Wang N, Jensen M, Lu Y. Testosterone: Relationships with Metabolic Disorders in Men-An Observational Study from SPECT-China. Int J Endocrinol. 2017;2017:4547658.
Shores MM, Sloan KL, Matsumoto AM, Moceri VM, Felker B, Kivlahan DR Increased incidence of diagnosed depressive illness in hypogonadal older men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004 Feb;61(2):162-7.
Holt RIG, de Groot M, Lucki I, Hunter CM, Sartorius N, Golden SH. NIDDK International conference report on diabetes and depression: Current understanding and future directions. Diabetes Care 2014 Aug; 37(8):2067–2077.
Yafi FA, Jenkins L, Albersen M, et al. Erectile dysfunction. Nature reviews Disease primers 2016;2:16003.
Travison TG, Araujo AB, O’Donnell AB, V Kupelian V, McKinlay JB. A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007;92:196–202.
Hubinger JC, Havery DC. Analysis of consumer cosmetic products for phthalate esters. J Cosmet Sci 2006;57:127–157.
Leping Ye, Zhi-Jian S, Ren-Shan Ge. Inhibitors of testosterone biosynthetic and metabolic activation enzymes.Molecules 2011;16:9983-10001.
Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Wittsiepe J, Wald K, Koch HM, Wilhelm M. Pre-pubertal exposure with phthalates and bisphenol A and pubertal development. PLoS One 2017Nov20;12(11):e0187922.
Kapoor D, Goodwin E, Channer KS, Jones TH. Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol2006;154:899–906.
Kalinchenko SY, Tishova YA, Mskhalaya GJ, Gooren LJ, Giltay EJ, Saad F. Effects of testosterone supplementation on markers of the metabolic syndrome and inflammation in hypogonadal men with the metabolic syndrome: The double- blinded placebo-controlled Moscow study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;73:602–612.
Heufelder AE, Saad F, Bunck MC, Gooren L. Fifty-two-week treatment with diet and exercise plus transdermal testosterone reverses the metabolic syndrome and improves glycemic control in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and subnormal plasma testosterone. J Androl 2009;30:726–733.
Jones TH, Arver S, Behre HM, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 Study) Diabetes Care 2011;34:828–837.
Kapoor D, Clarke S, Stanworth R, Channer KS and Jones TH. The effect of testosterone replacement therapy on adipocytokines and C-reactive protein in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Endocrinology 2007; 156: 595-602.
Kooptiwut S, Hanchang W, Semprasert N, Junking M, Limjindaporn T, Yenchitsomanus PT.Testosterone reduces AGTR1 expression to prevent β-cell and islet apoptosis from glucotoxicity. J Endocrinol. 2015 Mar;224(3):215-24. doi: 10.1530/JOE-14-0397.
Hanchang W, Semprasert N, Limjindaporn T, Yenchitsomanus PT, Kooptiwut S. Testosterone protects against glucotoxicity-induced apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells (INS-1) and male mouse pancreatic islets. Endocrinology. 2013 Nov;154(11):4058-67.
Haider A, Saad F, Doros G, Gooren L. Hypogonadal obese men with and without diabetes mellitus type 2 lose weight and show improvement in cardiovascular risk factors when treated with testosterone: An observational study. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014Jul-Aug;8(4):e339-49.
Bhasin. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism January 1, 2007 vol. 92 no. 1 44-45.
Araujo AB, Esche GR, Kupelian V, O'Donnell AB, Travison TG, Williams RE, Clark RV, McKinlay JB. Prevalence of symptomatic androgen deficiency in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4241-4247.
Dean JD, McMahon CG, Guay AT, Morgentaler A, Althof SE, Becher EF, Bivalacqua TJ, Burnett AL, Buvat J, El Meliegy A, Hellstrom WJ, Jannini EA, Maggi M, McCullough A, Torres LO, Zitzmann M. The International Society for Sexual Medicine's process of care for the assessment and management of testosterone deficiency in adult men. J Sex Med2015;41312:1660-1686.
Williams CM. Lipid metabolism in women. Proc Nutr Soc. 2004;63:153–160.
Jung SH, Ha KH, Kim DJ. Visceral fat mass has stronger associations with diabetes and prediabetes than other anthropometric obesity indicators among Korean adults. Yonsei Med J 2016May1;57(3):674–680.
Neeland IJ, Turer AT, Ayers CR, Powell-Wiley TM, Vega GL, Farzaneh-Far R, Grundy SM, Khera A, McGuire DK, de Lemos JA. Dysfunctional adiposity and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese adults. JAMA 2012 Sep 19;308(11):1150-9.
Trabert B, et al. Relationship of sex steroid hormones with body size and with body composition measured by dual- energy x-ray absorptionmetry in US men. Cancer Causes Control 2012;23:1881-1891.
S Soederberg. A strong association between biologically active testosterone and leptin in non-obese men and women is lost with increasing (central) adiposity. International Journal of Obesity 2001;25;98-105.
Xu Z, Qi X, Dahl AK, Xu W. Waist-to-height ratio is the best indicator for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2013 Jun;30(6):e201-7.
Kalinchenko SY, Tishova YA, Mskhalaya GJ, Gooren LJ, Giltay EJ, Saad F. Effects of testosterone supplementation on markers of the metabolic syndrome and inflammation in hypogonadal men with the metabolic syndrome: The double- blinded placebo-controlled Moscow study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;73:602–612.
Kapoor D, Goodwin E, Channer KS, Jones TH. Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol2006;154:899–906.
Heufelder AE, Saad F, Bunck MC, Gooren L. Fifty-two-week treatment with diet and exercise plus transdermal testosterone reverses the metabolic syndrome and improves glycemic control in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and subnormal plasma testosterone. J Androl 2009;30:726–733.
Jones TH, Arver S, Behre HM, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 Study) Diabetes Care 2011;34:828–837.
Farrell JB, Deshmukh A, Baghaie AA. Low testosterone and the association with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2008 Sep-Oct;34(5):799-806.
Huo S, Scialli AR, McGarvey S, Hill E, Tügertimur B, Hogenmiller A, Hirsch AI, Fugh-Berman A. Treatment of men for "low testosterone": A systematic review. PLoS One 2016 Sep 21;11(9):e0162480.
Ozata M1, Oktenli C, Bingol N, Ozdemir IC. The effects of metformin and diet on plasma testosterone and leptin levels in obese men. Obes Res. 2001 Nov;9(11):662-7.
Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI. Erectile dysfunction and low sex drive in men with type 2 DM: The potential role of diabetic pharmacotherapy. J Clin Diagn Res 2016 Dec;10(12):FC21-FC26.
Booth A1, Johnson DR, Granger DA. Testosterone and men's health. J Behav Med. 1999 Feb;22(1):1-19.
Svartberg J1, Jorde R, Sundsfjord J, Bønaa KH, Barrett-Connor E. Seasonal variation of testosterone and waist to hip ratio in men: the Tromsø study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jul;88(7):3099-104.
Heufelder AE. Fifty-two–week treatment with diet and exercise plus transdermal testosterone reverses the metabolic syndrome and improves glycemic control in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and subnormal plasma testosterone. J Androl 2009;30:726–733.
Corona GG, Rastrelli G, Maseroli E, Sforza A, Maggi M. Testosterone replacement therapy and cardiovascular risk: a review. World J Mens Health 2015;33:130-42.
Morgentaler A, Miner MM, Caliber M, Guay AT, Khera M, Traish AM. Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular risk: advances and controversies. Mayo Clin Proc 2015;90:224-51.
Vignozzi L, Rastrelli G, Corona G, Gacci M, Forti G, Maggi M. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: a new metabolic disease? J Endocrinol Invest 2014;37:313-22.
Vignozzi L, Gacci M, Cellai I, Santi R, Corona G, Morelli A, et al. Fat boosts, while androgen receptor activation counteracts, BPH-associated prostate inflammation. Prostate 2013;73:789-800.
Singh AB, Hsia S, Alaupovic P, Sinha-Hikum I, Woodhouse L, Buchanan TA, et al. The effects of varying doses of testosterone on insulin sensitivity, plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, and Creactive protein in healthy young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:136–43.
Miller B, Yaffe K, Reback E, Porter V, Swerdloff R, Cummings JL. Effects of testosterone on cognition and mood in male patients with mild Alzheimer disease and healthy elderly men. Arch Neurol 2006;63:177–85.
Basaria S1, Wahlstrom JT, Dobs AS.Clinical review 138: Anabolic-androgenic steroid therapy in the treatment of chronic diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 Nov;86(11):5108-17.
Jung HJ, Shin HS. Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on cognitive performance and depression in men with testosterone deficiency syndrome. World J Mens Health 2016 Dec;34(3):194-199.
Morgentaler, A, et al. Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular risk: Advances and controversies. Mayo Clinic Proc2015 Feb;90(2):224–251.
Scovell JM, Ramasamy R, Wilken N, Kovac JR, Lipshultz LI. Hypogonadal symptoms in young men are associated with a serum total testosterone threshold of 400 ng/dL. BJU Int 2015 Jul;116(1):142-6.
Ramasamy R, Wilken N, Scovell JM, Kovac JR, Lipshultz LI. Hypogonadal symptoms are associated with different serum testosterone thresholds in middle-aged and elderly men. Urology 2014 Dec;84(6):1378-82.
Weinstock RS, Dai H, Wadden T. Diet and exercise in the treatment of obesity. Effects of three interventions on insulin resistance. Archives of Internal Medicine 1998;158: 2477–2483.
ENDO 2012: The Endocrine Society 94th Annual Meeting: Abstract OR28-3. Presented June 25, 2012.
Swinburn B, Sacks G, Ravussin E. Increased food energy supply is more than sufficient to explains the US epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:1453-6.
Schulte DM, Hahn M, Oberhäuser F, Malchau G, Schubert M, Heppner C, Müller N, Güdelhöfer H, Faust M, Krone W, Laudes M. Caloric restriction increases serum testosterone concentrations in obese male subjects by two distinct mechanisms. Horm Metab Res 2014;46(04):283-286.
Baker HWG, Santen RJ, Burger HG, De Krester DM, Hudson B, Pepperell RJ, Bardin CW. Rhythms in the secretion of gonadotropins and gonadal steroids. Journal of Steroids Biochemistry 1975;6:793-801.
Wijngaarden MA, Bakker LE, van der Zon GC, 't Hoen PA, van Dijk KW, Jazet IM, Pijl H, Guigas B. Regulation of skeletal muscle energy/nutrient-sensing pathways during metabolic adaptation to fasting in healthy humans. Am J PhysiolEndocrinol Metab 2014 Nov 15;307(10):E885-95.
Allan CA, McLachlan RI. Androgens and obesity. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010 Jun;17(3):224-32.
Lean, MJ et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): An open-label, cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet 2017;391:541-551.
JOHN HOFFERf, INESE Z. BEITINS, NAN-HO KYUNG, AND BRUCE R. BISTRIAN Effects of Severe Dietary Restriction on Male Reproductive Hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62: 288.
Stanik S, Dornfeld LP, Morton MH, Viosca SP, Korenman SG. The Effect of weight loss on reproductive hormones in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;53: 828.
Mohr BA, Bhasin S. Link CL, O’Donnell AB, McKinlay JB. The effect of changes in adiposity on testosterone levels in older men: Longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006;155:443-452.
Derby CA, Zilber S, Brambilla D, Morales KH, McKinlay JB. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio and change in sex steroid hormones: The Massachusetts male aging study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Jul;65(1):125-31.
Strain GW, Zumoff B, Miller LK, Rosner W, Levit C, Kalin M, Hershcopf RJ, Rosenfeld RS. Effect of massive weight loss on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 May;66(5):1019-23.
Pritchard J, Després JP, Gagnon J, Tchernof A, Nadeau A, Tremblay A, Bouchard C. Plasma adrenal, gonadal, and conjugated steroids following long-term exercise-induced negative energy balance in identical twins. Metabolism. 1999 Sep;48(9):1120-7.
Taylor R. Type 2 diabetes: Etiology and reversibility. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:(4)1047–1055.
Li M, Fan Y, Zhang X, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies BMJ Open 2014;4:e005497. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005497
Du H, Li L, Bennett D, Guo Y, Turnbull I, Yang L, et al. Fresh fruit consumption in relation to incident diabetes and diabetic vascular complications: A 7-y prospective study of 0.5 million Chinese adults. PLoS Med 2017;14(4): e1002279.
Satya, P. Sharma, Hea J. Chung, Hyeon J. Kim, and Seong T. Hong. Paradoxical effects of fruit on obesity. Nutrients 2016 Oct;8(10):633.
Paquette M, Medina Larqué AS, Weisnagel SJ, Desjardins Y, Marois J, Pilon G, Dudonné S, Marette A, Jacques H. Strawberry and cranberry polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant, non-diabetic adults: A parallel, double-blind, controlled and randomised clinical trial. Br J Nutr. 2017 Feb;117(4):519-531.
Xiao S, Zhao L. Gut microbiota-based translational biomarkers to prevent metabolic syndrome via nutritional modulation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013 Nov12;87(2):303-314.
Kelly CJ, Colgan SP, Frank DN. Of microbes and meals: The health consequences of dietary endotoxemia. Nutr Clin Pract 2012 Apr;27(2):215-25.
van der Crabben SN, Blumer RM, Stegenga ME, Ackermans MT, Endert E, et al. Early endotoxemia increases peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity in healthy humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94: 463–468.
Pirkko J. Pussinen, PHD, Aki S. Havulinna, MSC, Markku Lehto, PHD, Jouko Sundvall, MSC, and Veikko Salomaa, MD. Endotoxemia Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Incident DiabetesDiabetes Care. 2011 Feb; 34(2): 392–397.
Liang H, Hussey SE, Sanchez-Avila A, Tantiwong P, Musi N. Effect of lipopolysaccharide on inflammation and insulin action in human muscle. PLoS One 2013 May 21;8(5):e63983.
Dasu MR, Devaraj S, Park S, Jialal I. Increased toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and TLR ligands in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 2010;33: 861–868.
Al-Attas OS, Al-Daghri NM, Al-Rubeaan K, da Silva NF, Sabico SL, et al. Changes in endotoxin levels in T2DM subjects on anti-diabetic therapies. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009;8:20.
Ghanim H, Abuaysheh S, Sia CL, et al. Increase in plasma endotoxin concentrations and the expression of toll-like receptors and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in mononuclear cells after a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal: Implications for insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 2009;32:2281–2287.
Patel C, Ghanim H, Ravishankar S, Sia CL, Viswanathan P, Mohanty P, Dandona P. Prolonged reactive oxygen species generation and nuclear factor-kappaB activation after a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal in the obese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007 Nov;92(11):4476-9.
Tremellen K, McPhee N, Pearce K. Metabolic endotoxaemia related inflammation is associated with hypogonadism in overweight men. Basic Clin Androl 2017;27:5.
Bosmann HB, Hales KH, Li X, Liu Z, Stocco DM, Hales DB. Acute in vivo inhibition of testosterone by endotoxin parallels loss of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in Leydig cells. Endocrinology. 1996 Oct;137(10):4522-5.
Tremellen K, McPhee N, Pearce K, Bedson S, Schedlowski M, Engler H. Endotoxin initiated inflammation reduces testosterone production in men of reproductive age. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Nov 28:ajpendo.00279.
Naharci M, Pinar M, Bolu E, Olgun A. Effect of Testosterone on Insulin Sensitivity in Men with Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Endocrine Practice 2007;13:6, 629-635.
Ghanim H, Sia CL, Korzeniewski K, et al. A resveratrol and polyphenol preparation suppresses oxidative and inflammatory stress response to a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1409–1414.
The World Health Report (202) Reducing risks and promoting healthy life. Genva, World Health Organization, 2002.
Hokayem M, et al. Grape polyphenols prevent fructose-induced oxidative stress and insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2013;36:1454–1461.
Yang J, Mao QX, Xu HX, Ma X, Zeng CY. Tea consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis update. BMJ Open 2014 Jul 22;4(7):e005632.
Jing Y, Han G, Hu Y, Bi Y, Li L, Zhu D. Tea consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Gen Intern Med 2009 May;24(5):557-62.
van Woudenbergh GJ, Kuijsten A, Drogan D, van der A DL,et al. Tea consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Europe: The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. PLoS One 2012;7(5):e36910.
Rizvi SI1, Zaid MA, Anis R, Mishra N. Protective role of tea catechins against oxidation-induced damage of type 2 diabetic erythrocytes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2005 Jan-Feb;32(1-2):70-5.
Tabesh M, Hariri M, Askari G, Ghiasvand R, Tabesh M, Heydari A, Darvishi L, Khorvash F. The Relationship between vegetables and fruits intake and glycosylated hemoglobin values, lipids profiles and nitrogen status in type II inactive diabetic patients. Int J Prev Med 2013 Apr;4(Suppl 1):S63-7.
Christensen AS, Viggers L, Hasselström K, Gregersen S. Effect of fruit restriction on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes – a randomized trial. Nutr J. 2013 Mar 5;12:29.
Caronia LM, Dwyer AA, Hayden D, Amati F, Pitteloud N, Hayes FJ. Abrupt decrease in serum testosterone levels after an oral glucose load in men: Implications for screening for hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Jul 17.
Dyson P. Low carbohydrate diets and type 2 diabetes: What is the latest evidence? Diabetes Ther 2015 Dec;6(4):411424.
Snorgaard O, Poulsen GM, Andersen HK, Astrup A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2017 Feb 23;5(1):e000354.
Wolever TM, Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Maheux P, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Rodger NW, Ryan EA. Source of dietary carbohydrates on symptoms and dietary satisfaction over a 1-year period in subjects with type 2 diabetes: Canadian trial of carbohydrates in diabetes (CCD). Can J Diabetes 2017 Apr;41(2):164-176.
Smith GI, Yoshino J, Stromsdorfer KL, Klein SJ, Magkos F, Reeds DN, Klein S, Mittendorfer B. Protein ingestion induces muscle insulin resistance independent of leucine-mediated mTOR activation. Diabetes 2015 May;64(5):1555-63.
Zhao X, Han Q, Liu Y, Sun C, Gang X, Wang G. The relationship between branched-chain amino acid related metabolomic signature and insulin resistance: A systematic review. J Diabetes Res 2016;2016:2794591.
Kim IY, Schutzler SE, Azhar G, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA, Coker RH. Short term elevation in dietary protein intake does not worsen insulin resistance or lipids in older adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized-controlled trial. BMC Nutr2017;3.
Pasiakos SM, Cao JJ, Margolis LM, et al. Effects of high-protein diets on fat-free mass and muscle protein synthesis following weight loss: A randomized controlled trial. FASEB J 2013; 27(9):3837–47.
van Nielen M et al. Dietary protein intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Europe: The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2014 Jul;37(7):1854-62
Talaei M, Wang YL, Yuan JM, Pan A, Koh WP. Meat, dietary heme iron, and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Singapore Chinese health study. Am J Epidemiol 2017 Oct 1;186(7):824-833.
Simcox JA, McClain DA. Iron and diabetes risk. Cell Metab 2013 Mar 5;17(3):329-41.
Bao W, Rong Y, Rong S, Liu L. Dietary iron intake, body iron stores, and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2012 Oct 10;10:119.
Ford ES, Cogswell ME. Diabetes and serum ferritin concentration among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1978-1983.
Kelly TM, Edwards CQ, Meikle AW, Kushner JP. Hypogonadism in hemochromatosis: Reversal with iron depletion. Ann Intern Med 1984 Nov;101(5):629-32.
Vogt HJ, Weidenbach T, Marquart KH, Vogel GE. Idiopathic hemochromatosis in a 45-year-old infertile man.Andrologia 1987 Sep-Oct;19(5):532-8.
Hudec M, Grigerova M, Walsh CH. Secondary hypothyroidism in hereditary hemochromatosis: Recovery after iron depletion. Thyroid 2008 Feb;18(2):255-7.
Virtanen HEK, Koskinen TT, Voutilainen S, Mursu J, Tuomainen TP, Kokko P, Virtanen JK. Intake of different dietary proteins and risk of type 2 diabetes in men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Br J Nutr 2017 Mar;117(6):882-893.
Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Chiuve SE, Borgi L, Willett WC, Manson JE, Sun Q, Hu FB. Plant-based dietary patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women: Results from three prospective cohort studies.PLoS Med 2016 Jun 14;13(6):e1002039.
Meikle AW, Stringham JD, Woodward MG, McMurry MP. Effects of a fat-containing meal on sex hormones in men.Metabolism. 1990 Sep;39(9):943-6.
Habito RC, Ball MJ. Postprandial changes in sex hormones after meals of different composition. Metabolism 2001 May; 50(5):505-11.
MInguez-Alarcón L, Chavarro JE, Mendiola J, Roca M, Tanrikut C, Vioque J, Jørgensen N, Torres-Cantero AM. Fatty acid intake in relation to reproductive hormones and testicular volume among young healthy men. Asian J Androl 2017 Mar-Apr;19(2):184-190.
MInguez-Alarcón L, Chavarro JE, Mendiola J, Roca M, Tanrikut C, Vioque J, Jørgensen N, Torres-Cantero AM. Fatty acid intake in relation to reproductive hormones and testicular volume among young healthy men. Asian J Androl 2017 Mar-Apr;19(2):184-190.
Chavarro JE, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Mendiola J, Cutillas-Tolín A, López-Espín JJ, Torres-Cantero AM. Trans fatty acid intake is inversely related to total sperm count in young healthy men. Hum Reprod 2014 Mar;29(3):429-40.
Kraemer WJ, Staron RS, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS, Fry AC, Gordon SE, Nindl BC, Gothshalk LA, Volek JS, Marx JO, Newton RU, Hakkinen K. The effects of short-term resistance training on endocrine function in men and women. Eur Appl Physiol 1998;78: 69–76.
Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K, Newton RU, Nindl BC, Volek JS, McCormick M, Gotshalk LA, Gordon SE, Fleck SJ, Campbell WW, Putukian M, and Evans WJ. Effects of heavy-resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger vs. older men. J Appl Physiol 1999;87: 982–992.
Hakkinen K and Pakarinen A. Acute hormonal responses to two different fatiguing heavy-resistance protocols in male athletes. J Appl Physiol 1993;74: 882–887.
Egger A et al. Different types of resistance training in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Effects on glycaemic control, muscle mass and strength. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013 Dec;20(6):1051-60.
Miller WJ, Sherman WM, Ivy JL. Effect of strength training on glucose tolerance and post-glucose insulin response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984;16:539–543.
Bamman MM, Shipp JR, Jiang J, Gower BA, Hunter GR, Goodman A, McLafferty CL, Jr, Urban RJ. Mechanical load increases muscle IGF-I and androgen receptor mRNA concentrations in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001;280:383–390.
Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2518–2539.
Albright A, Franz M, Hornsby G, Kriska A, Marrero D, Ullrich I, Verity LS: American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:1345–1360.
Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2518–2539.
Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thome ́e R. The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Sports Medicine 2007;37(3):225-264.
Burd NA, West DWD, Staples AW, et al. Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men. Plos One 2010;5(8):e12033.
Bloomer RJ, Sforzo GA, Keller BA. Effects of meal form and composition on plasma testosterone, cortisol, and insulin following resistance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2000;10:415-424.
Hulmi JJ1, Ahtiainen JP, Selänne H, Volek JS, Häkkinen K, Kovanen V, Mero AA. Androgen receptors and testosterone in men--effects of protein ingestion, resistance exercise and fiber type. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008 May;110(1-2):130- 7.
Schumm SR, Triplett NT, McBride JM, Dumke CL. Hormonal response to carbohydrate supplementation at rest and after resistance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2008;18:260-280.
Bremner WJ, Vitiello MV, Prinz PN. Loss of circadian rhythmicity in blood testosterone levels with aging in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983 Jun;56(6):1278-81.
Cooke RR, McIntosh JE, McIntosh RP. Circadian variation in serum free and non-SHBG-bound testosterone in normal men: Measurements, and simulation using a mass action model. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993 Aug;39(2):163-71.
Bowen AJ, Reeves RL. Diurnal variation in glucose tolerance. Arch Intern Med 1967 Mar;119(3):261-4.
Shlundt DG, Hill JO, Sbrocco T, Pope-Cordle J, Sharp T. The role of breakfast in the treatment of obesity: A randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:645-51.
Martin A, Normand S, Sothier M, Peyrat J, Louche-Pelissier C, Laville M. Is advice for breakfast consumption justified? Results from a short-term dietary and metabolic experiment in young healthy men. British Journal of Nutrition 2000;84:337-344.
Holliday EG, Magee CA, Kritharides L, Banks E, Attia J. Short sleep duration is associated with risk of future diabetes but not cardiovascular disease: A prospective study and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013;8(11):e82305.
Trenell MI, Marshall NS, Rogers NL. Sleep and metabolic control: Waking to a problem? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol2007 Jan-Feb;34(1-2):1-9.
Cappuccio FP, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2010;33:414–420.
Nedeltcheva AV, Scheer FA. Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2014 Aug;21(4):293-8.
Engeda J, Mezuk B, Ratliff S, Ning Y. Association between duration and quality of sleep and the risk of pre-diabetes: Evidence from NHANES. Diabet Med 2013 Jun; 30(6):676-80.
Van Cauter E, Holmback U, Knutson K, Leproult R, Miller A, Nedeltcheva A, Pannain S, Penev P, Tasali E, Spiegel K. Impact of sleep and sleep loss on neuroendocrine and metabolic function. Horm Res 2007;67(1):2-9.
Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 1999 Oct 23; 354(9188):1435-9.
Vondra K, Brodan V, Bass A et al. Effects of sleep deprivation on the activity of selected metabolic enzymes in skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1981;47:41–46.
Gonzalez-Ortiz M, Martinez-Abundis E, Balcazar-Munoz BR & Pascoe-Gonzalez S. Effect of sleep deprivation on insulin sensitivity and cortisol concentration in healthy subjects. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2000;13: 80–83.
Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E. Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 7; 141(11):846-50.
Patel SR, Hu FB Short sleep duration and weight gain: A systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008 Mar; 16(3):643- 53.
Penev P, Spiegel K, L'Hermite-Balériaux M, Schneider R, Van Cauter E. Relationship between REM sleep and testosterone secretion in older men. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2003 Apr; 64(2):157.
Luboshitzky R, Herer P, Levi M, Shen-Orr Z, Lavie P. Relationship between rapid eye movement sleep and testosterone secretion in normal men. J Androl 1999 Nov-Dec;20(6):731-7.
Luboshitzky R, Zabari Z, Shen-Orr Z, Herer P, Lavie P. Disruption of the nocturnal testosterone rhythm by sleep fragmentation in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1134–9.
Gambineri A, Pelusi C, Pasquali R. Testosterone levels in obese male patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Relation to oxygen desaturation, body weight, fat distribution and the metabolic parameters. J Endocrinol Inves2003;26:493–8.
Patel SR. Reduced sleep as an obesity risk factor. Obes Rev 2009;10:61–8.
Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med 2004;1:e62.
Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E. Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:846–50.
Nedeltcheva AV, Kilkus JM, Imperial J, Schoeller DA, Penev PD. Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity. Ann Intern Med 2010;153:435–41.
Kiechl S, Willeit J, Poewe W, Egger G, Oberhollenzer F,Muggeo M & Bonora E (1996) Insulin sensitivity and regular alcohol consumption: large, prospective, cross sectional population study (Bruneck Study). British Medical Journal1996;313:1040–1044.
Kiechl S, Willeit J, Poewe W, et al. Insulin sensitivity and regular alcohol consumption. BMJ 1996;313:1040-1044.
Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of moderate alcohol drinking and risk of diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128: 549-558.
Spetz Holm AC, Fredrikson MG, Hammar ML. Symptoms of testosterone deficiency in early middle aged men. Aging Male 2012 Jun;15(2):78-84.
Venkat KK, Arora MM, Singh P, Desai M, Khatkhatay I. Effect of alcohol consumption on bone mineral density and hormonal parameters in physically active male soldiers. Bone 2009 Sep;45(3):449-54.
Välimäki MJ, Härkönen M, Eriksson CJ, Ylikahri RH. Sex hormones and adrenocortical steroids in men acutely intoxicated with ethanol. Alcohol 1984 Jan-Feb;1(1):89-93.
Robinson, J, Nelson WC, National Human Activity Pattern Survey Data Base. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1995.
Ginde AA, Liu MC, Camargo CA Jr. Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988–2004. Arch Intern Med 2009;169(6):626–32. pmid:19307527
Park SK, Garland CF, Gorham ED, BuDoff L, Barrett-Connor E. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: 12-year cohort study. PLoS ONE 2018;13(4): e0193070.
Anderson JL, May HT, Horne BD, Bair TL, Hall NL, Carlquist JF, et al. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol 2010;106(7):963–8.
Gagnon C, Lu ZX, Magliano DJ, Dunstan DW, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium intake, and risk of type 2 diabetes after 5 years: Results from a national, population-based prospective study (the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study). Diabetes Care 2011;34(5):1133–8.
Thorand B, Zierer A, Huth C, Linseisen J, Meisinger C, Roden M, et al. Effect of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D on risk for type 2 diabetes may be partially mediated by subclinical inflammation: Results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg study.Diabetes Care 2011;34(10):2320–2.
Gonzalez-Molero I, Rojo-Martinez G, Morcillo S, Gutierrez-Repiso C, Rubio-Martin E, Almaraz MC, et al. Vitamin D and incidence of diabetes: A prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):571–3. pmid:22204964
Wehr E, Pilz S, Boehm BO, März W, Obermayer-Pietsch B. Association of vitamin D status with serum androgen levels in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010 Aug; 73(2):243-8.
Cunha C, et al. Vitamin D and testosterone in diabetes mellitus: Cross-sectional study result. Endocrine Abstracts2017;49: EP445.
Trummer C, Pilz S, Schwetz V, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Lerchbaum E. Vitamin D, PCOS and androgens in men: A systematic review. Endocrine Connections 2018;7(3):R95-R113. doi:10.1530/EC-18-0009.
Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S, Wan Ngah WZ. Vitamin D is significantly associated with total testosterone and sex hormone- binding globulin in Malaysian men. Aging Male 2015;18(3):175-9.
Mirjalili MH, Moyano E, Bonfill M, Cusido RM, Palazón J. Steroidal lactones from Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel medicine. Molecules. 2009;14(7):2373–2393.
Anwer T, Sharma M, Pillai KK, Iqbal M. Basic. Effect of Withania somnifera on insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus rats. Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008 Jun;102(6):498-503.
Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K, Ghosal S. Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somniferaglycowithanolides: An experimental study. Phytomedicine 2000;7(6):463–469.
Jayaprakasam B, Strasburg GA, Nair MG. Potent lipid peroxidation inhibitors from Withania somnifera fruits.Tetrahedron 2004;60(13):3109–3121.
Mirjalili MH, Moyano E, Bonfill M, Cusido RM, Palazón J. Steroidal lactones from Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel medicine. Molecules 2009;14(7):2373–2393.
Ambiye VR, Langade D, Dongre S, Aptikar P, Kulkarni M, Dongre A. Clinical evaluation of the spermatogenic activity of the root extract of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in oligospermic males: A pilot study. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM 2013;571420.
Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Ahmad MK, et al. Withania somnifera improves semen quality in stress-related male fertility.Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM. 2011.
Ahmad, MK, et al. Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males. Fertility and Sterility 2009Jun 8;943:989–996.